Design Of A PV-Diesel Hybrid System

Plan Of A PV-Diesel Hybrid System Structure Of A PV-Diesel Hybrid System And Its Comparison With Grid Connected System In Pakistan 1. Venture Background And Introduction Presentation The venture as for this postulation is to plan a PV Diesel half and half framework and to contrast it and right now existed network associated framework. This framework is intended for a Jamia Masjid (Islamic focus) in Pakpattan, Pakistan. The specific site of the venture is a state of Pakpattan which is in the south-west of the city Pakpattan. The Pakpattan city is arranged around 161 Km south west to Lahore. The atmosphere and climate information is practically same for Lahore and Pakpattan. Moreover it will be first venture of its own tendency around there and it will assist with structuring the frameworks for the neighborhoods by which a typical individual can get benefits and dispose of intensity disappointments. Pakistan is situated between scope 24 and 37 degrees North and longitude 62 and 75 degrees East. Pakistan has Afghanistan in the north-west, Iran on west visitor, India is on the east, China in the north and the Arabian Sea is on the south. Pakistan is ageographical focus of the Asian Continent since it assembles a sort of extension between Far East and Middle East; likewise it has a mainland kind of atmosphere which can be described by outrageous varieties of temperature. For the most part the atmosphere of Pakistan is parched, implies high temperature in summer and low temperatures in winter. High elevations change the atmosphere in the freezing northern mountains which are secured with day off. There is little precipitation. There are a few contrasts exist particularly in different areas, for example the waterfront line along Arabian Sea is as a rule under warm conditions, though the Karakoram mountain range and some different piles of far north are so cool, totally solidified and secured with snow that these are just obvious and available by some universal world-class climbers for several months of May and June of every year. The variety of day by day temperature could be 11 0C to 17 0C yet in winters the base mean temperature is around 4 0C in January. Pakistan has enormous recourses of vitality yet lamentably because of blunder out of 170 million populace only 65-70% approaches power. Request is more than flexibly of vitality to private and modern part. At present Pakistan is confronting 3000 MW of intensity stockpiling and it is normal that in year 2010 the interest will surpass gracefully by 5500 MW. The flow force and power request and flexibly hole shows that there is a major need to expands the current force age limit in Pakistan. Point Of The Thesis The primary point of the undertaking is to clarify the structure period of a solitary home PV framework. The systems and subtleties of the structure are given bit by bit. There are principle following points which should be satisfied by this proposal. a) To experience and get the center information on the structuring procedure. b) To get acquainted with various instruments utilized for structuring and make determination between them. c) Beyond from learned information, become acquainted with some genuine and functional parts of various PV frameworks and ventures. The body and structure of the theory is for the most part partitioned into four stages. a) Calculation of the essential burden for this particular task with the assistance of PVSYST rendition 4 b) Division of the heap to PV and Diesel Generator as indicated by limit conditions and plan boundaries. c) Economical and specialized look on as of now existed lattice associated framework. d) Comparative investigation between this recently structure framework and right now existed lattice associated framework regarding financial matters, accessibility and life time World Energy Situation There are various variables which impact and assume a significant job in the utilization, request and accessibility of vitality, for instance the utilization by singular client and business is being expanded, regular developing populace and new government approaches are a portion of these elements. Be that as it may, the petroleum derivatives are modest. There are two parts of the non-renewable energy sources, first is their accessibility and second is those hurtful natural effects which show up subsequent to utilizing and consuming of these petroleum derivatives. It is similarly hurtful for the current ages just as for people in the future. Be that as it may, with the progression of time an ever increasing number of individuals and governments are getting mindfulness about these effects. The current vitality request projections can be seen from the statistical data points gave by World Energy Administration (EIA) â€Å"The all out world vitality utilization increments from 472 quadrillion Btu in 2006 to 552 quadrillion Btu in 2015 and 678 quadrillion Btu in 2030â€a all out increment of 44 percent over the projection period† Sustainable power source Situation Of The World At the point when the main Renewable Global Status Report was distributed in 2004, numerous markers have demonstrated emotional additions. Over the most recent four years from the finish of 2004 to the furthest limit of 2008, sun oriented photovoltaic limit expanded multiple times which is more than 16 gigawatts (GW). Wind power limit has been expanded 250 percent to 121 GW; the absolute force limit from new inexhaustible recourses has been expanded 75 percent to 280 GW which remembers noteworthy increases for little geothermal, hydro, and biomass power age. During a similar timeframe, sun oriented warming limit become twofold to 145 gigawatts-warm, while the biodiesel creation has been likewise expanded multiple times to 12 billion liters for each year and ethanol creation multiplied to 67 billion liters for every year. The yearly rate gain for the year 2008 was additionally extremely astounding and increasingly emotional. The development in Wind vitality was 29% and framework associated sun powered PV by 70%. The limit of utility scale PV plants likewise expanded during this period. Sun based high temp water frameworks likewise developed by 15%. All around the globe the legislatures are changing the approaches about the future vitality emergencies and vitality markets and strategy. In this race the United States of America turned into the pioneer and contributed $24 billion for new limit which is 20% of the all out worldwide venture. The United States is additionally driving in including the all out wind vitality limit and furthermore outperformed Germany who was a breeze power pioneer for quite a while. Spain has included around 2.6 GW of sun based PV, which is a full 50% of matrix associated establishments all around the worldwide and multiple times increment over Spains 2007 augmentations. China has multiplied its ability to create wind vitality and now positioned at fourth spot all around the globe. Another huge and significant achievement was that the European Union and the USA added greater ability to deliver power from inexhaustible recourses than from regular vitality sources (as gas, oil, coal and atomic) and it occurred just because. The ventures of Renewable vitality blasted generally during 2008. Worldwide sun powered PV creation was expanded by 90% to 6.9 GW in 2008. Vitality Profile Of Pakistan The vitality profile of Pakistan is insufficient and there are in every case deficits of vitality (power) particularly during summer. Pakistan needs around 14,000 to 15,000 MW power ordinarily to meet all private and mechanical requests. Be that as it may, Pakistan can deliver around 11,500 MW, so it implies there is around 3000 MW to 4000 MW deficit. This deficit was experienced widely and on its pinnacle this year and influencing industry, trade and every day life. During this year the setback for power in country territories was around 12 to 16 hours and in urban zones it was around 8 to 12 hours. The explanations behind this lack are constrained petroleum product assets, feeble economy and fumble of the accessible vitality sources. There are some business wellsprings of vitality accessible in Pakistan, they are: Hydro vitality; Atomic vitality; Oil and gas; Regular fills like horticultural squanders, creature manure and wood fuel. Here, it is a diagram of essential vitality supplies in Pakistan in MTOE (TOE: ton of oil equal. It is a vitality unit which is equivalent to the vitality of consuming of 1 ton of unrefined petroleum which is around 42 GJ) From fig 1.3 unmistakably vitality gracefully of Pakistan is profoundly reliant on Oil and Gas. Both Oil and Gas contribute over 79% of all out essential vitality provided. Different wellsprings of vitality like hydro-power, coal, atomic power and imported power contribute about 21% of the absolute offer. As vitality is fundamental for a wide range of creation forms. Pakistan has been developing in horticultural and mechanical division during a decade ago and that is the reason vitality request is being expanded. As populace and industry is developing, the every day request will increment up to 20,000 MW in 2010. Pakistan meets around 75% of its vitality needs by oil, gas and hydro power creation. Petroleum gas has assumed a significant job to meet the vitality needs lately. Be that as it may, Pakistan needs to extend its vitality asset on changeless bases. So as to beat this vitality lack, Pakistan needs to extend and build up its indigenous vitality assets, for example, hydropower, wind and sun oriented vitality. Pakistan is one of the most elevated sunlight based protection regions of the world. Presently we will quickly talk about the principle vitality sources in Pakistan. Gaseous petrol After the autonomy of Pakistan in 1952 Sui petroleum gas field assets in Baluchistan were found first time. The creation at Sui began in 1955 and was on its top in 1985. It was the most gainful gas field of Pakistan in mid 1990s. In FY 1993 it was bookkeeping 46% of creation. After that the second biggest gas field was found which is additionally situated in Baluchistan at Mari, which was contributing 20% of all creation. Absolute 25 gas fields were completely operational in FY 1993. The estimation of recoverable petroleum gas saves were evaluated around 662.0 billion cubic meters, with an extraction rate around 14.0 billion cubic meters. So as to satisfy the expanding need of vitality and for future arranging, endeavors from government are being made to build the creation of

Bioautobiography

I am, Where I’m From: My Socioautobiography Cosme Ramos SOCS185 W5 Socioautobiography Abstract Who am I? Conceived in a little island, brought up in over populated city, presently living on the contrary corner of the country, voyaged everywhere throughout the world, seen societies and places most just dream off. How where my ethics, perspectives, and assessments molded by my environmental factors as youngster, and how have they changed as I developed? What impacted those changes? These are only a couple of inquiries I hope to investigate as I compose my Socioautobiography. I am, Where I’m From: My SocioautobiographyMy name is Cosme Ramos, Born in Ponce, Puerto Rico on the 31st January 1976. Guardians are both Puerto Ricans (which as a general rule implies blended, Indian, Black African, and European). Not until third grade did we relocate to the United States, looking for circumstances and a progressively steady future. Being of a Hispanic not too bad made family a sign ificant job, along these lines it was my essential gathering the main thing that was steady all through or moves first from Puerto Rico to New York, and in the end to New Jersey where my close family despite everything lives to this day.As a child the change was radical, life in Puerto Rico was a greater amount of the country type, huge yards, vegetation all over the place, grinning countenances and well disposed individuals. In the states, things were somewhat extraordinary, presently we co-possessed with family we scarcely knew, in a little condominium like loft with no yard, and the main vegetation we would get the opportunity to see is that on the interstate mediums culture stun doesn't start clarify the confusion felt as a child under those conditions. Also the language boundary that was by a long shot the greatest hurdle.If it wasn’t for the solid security and affectionate Hispanic people group the modifications would have been multiple times harder. Inside months we we re settled in Newark, N. J. guardians had good karma secured stable positions took on school now my greatest center was that of going from a straight â€Å"A’s† understudy, to not in any event, communicating in the language. I had a half year to learn and ace the English language to the level that toward the finish of the school year I would be capable enough to not be set back.With the guide of my third grade instructor I was scored on the top 10% of the third graders in the region and graduated third grade as though I was the same than any other individual in my age gathering. These progressions and clashes that I needed to suffer were not as large of an effect on my more youthful sibling who was scarcely beginning preschool, and had the option to change at a progressively tolerant pace and to him English should be his first language and my sister the most youthful was conceived a long time after in New Jersey. (TCO 4 and TCO 6).Let’s quick forward to end of c enter school, early secondary school years, being an adolescent in the downtown of Newark N. J. (Block city as alluded to by many) everyday life was a battle against the disgrace that on the off chance that you were African American or Hispanic, from Newark, and lived in lower pay some portion of town, at that point you are, were or will be a lawbreaker. Recall Puerto Rico, we lived in a situation where one could go out and vehicle open, not stress over cheats, vandalism or anything of that sort.Now I couldn’t stroll to transport prevent from my home without being bothered by street pharmacists attempting to add you to their finance and have you work for them, or addicts attempting to check whether you were a vendor, also avoiding taken vehicles being pursued by the cops, and the ever only sometimes shoot outs. It is currently evident to me that sexual orientation job and credited status was what drove the shame referenced previously. As the ladies or even the young ladies we re not typically making the rounds around the area, they were homebodies per say.Everyone simply accepted it was what our identity, depended on where we lived, and a significant number of the individuals who lived there simply acknowledged such destiny and thought that it was simpler to adjust and satisfy their job in the general public they were relied upon to. (TCO 5 and TCO 6). Presently in secondary school, an entirely receptive pre-adult, (recall this was before the PC age) the broad communications fundamentally comprised of TV and motion pictures, neither of which at the time where endeavoring to lesser the negative perspectives on the general public I was credited to.Soon I had a decision to make, do I also fit in with equivalent to my companions, or do I dare endeavor to make think outside the box as is commonly said by attempting to lead vertical portability in the separation framework that many felt captured inside. Being that I had gone through such a great amount, from s eeing the condition of need that lead my folks to surrender it all in Puerto Rico and seek after a superior, un-ensured and un-certain future, or possibly it the inclination that I could accomplish anything I set my attention to (demonstrated to me by my third grade educator as she suspected me the English language, yet did it by causing me to figure out how to think in English and ot Spanish) these variables and perceiving how the affordable condition of the city I experienced childhood in was falling apart I chose to be degenerate not acknowledge my place in a rotting society and that I would join the military. My choice was supported with the idea that, on the off chance that anything, I would at any rate do it for the school cash, and to investigate the tremendous world that charmed me to such an extent. (TCO 5 and TCO 6).September 6 1994, not 3 months in the wake of graduating secondary school, I was on the way to training camp, the Navy was the toxic substance of decision many idea, some including my folks never thought I’d go through with it, being a bashful, tranquil, shrewd, geeky type I was told sometime later that â€Å"they never thought I’d last†. Experiencing childhood in very multi-racial city condition, I grew up with I’d state about 90% African American children, perhaps 5% Hispanic and the rest white or other, racial segregation to me was as outside and outsider as anything could be.Not long in the wake of being in training camp, did I happen to run into it however. Indeed, even took me some time to perceive what was happening around me. Racial imbalance has since the time been something that has interested me, the way that a few people can be so oblivious as well as shut disapproved of that this age time despite everything feel are preferred or progressively advantaged over others exclusively dependent on race. 18 ? a long time later, here I am, still in the Navy, to the stun of many.I saw the difficulties and una ttainable ranks forced on me by my companions, directors, collaborators and even sooner or later my folks, to fuel my inspiration. I see presently utilizing my sociological creative mind that they made a functionalist out of me. Right up 'til the present time, I manage separation, not simply race, or sexual orientation related, I manage segregation in numerous structures, and trashed in similarly the same number of likewise, from being a bicycle rider, to the rank I wear on my neckline or the present place of employment depiction or being from the east coast to specify a few.But now I view such goes about as positive impacts that fuel me to accomplish what I’m told, or suggested I can’t. (TCO 1 and TCO 5). Taking everything into account, I am, Where I’m From.. I’d like to think despite the fact that I am not, at this point the modest, bashful, calm, in-experienced kid that once battled in comprehension everyone around him, or that needed to go with his fo lks interpreting for them as they applied for auxiliary help . I do recall the solid cohesiveness of my family, and the devotion to one another through occasions of struggle.Giving up was never something I witness my older folks doing, and it’s something I am not well at doing either. Life has, as a general rule suspected me exercises the most difficult way possible, however some state those are the exercises you always remember. I have for the most part mastered venturing out from home at 17 years to travel abroad with the Navy, that even the individuals who think they have it terrible here in the states, despite everything have it far superior to numerous in different nations. Regardless of whether you are held down, or even put somewhere near others, it is just ones’ self that can restrain what we can achieve.Do others have it simpler than a few, truly, however such is reality and it’s up to the people to either make best or most noticeably terrible of the ci rcumstance they are managed. As a grown-up I despite everything endeavor to be preferable today over I was yesterday, and regardless of whether it’s a little moment distinction, it could possibly be sufficient for some child to see, and think I also can become anything I need, I don’t need to live in a 20 mile sweep of where I was conceived, I don’t need to turn into a criminal on the grounds that I’m thought of as one.If all I establish is a little connection in somebody to fuel their drive, at that point I’d like to think it was all justified, despite all the trouble. As my companions state, â€Å"from the old separated block city, the solid survive†. References Schaefer, R. T. (2011). Human science: A Brief Introduction, ninth Edition. McGraw-Hill Learning Solutions, New York, NY Lewis, P. (2013). Prologue to Sociology and the Study of Culture. Recovered from Lecture Notes Online Web webpage: http://www. devryu. net

Why You Dont Have to Look Good on Your Resume

Why You Don’t Have to Look Good on Your Resume True or false? “A resume is supposed to make you look good.” Answer:   FALSE Well, I’ll concede, it’s only partially false.   Although you want your resume to look good and to portray your job history and accomplishments in a clear and impressive manner, it’s important not to overdo your attempts to impress your reader. The misconception that a resume is supposed to make you look good can lead to mischaracterization of job duties, inflation of accomplishments, and flowery, high-falutin language.  None of those things belong on a resume!   Stick to the truth instead. Example #1:   A client who was applying for development jobs wrote in a bullet that she “[a]ssisted in organizing” a conference.   Since I do not like to see the word “assist” on a resume (see Words to Delete from Your Resume), I asked her what exactly she did to assist.   It turns out she set up tables and provided registration assistance on the day of the conference, but had no involvement in the planning or organization of the event.   We changed the verb in her bullet to “Staffed” â€" a much more accurate description of what this applicant did. Example #2:   A client stated that she “[p]articipated in” company meetings.   In actuality, she had organized materials for the meetings and attended them.   We made her language more specific, thus accurately reflecting her activities. Why not stretch the truth just a little? First of all, I never condone lying about anything and always support acting with integrity.   Additionally, if your resume gets you an interview, you could be asked questions about absolutely anything you’ve written.   You don’t want to get caught in even the tiniest lie. I’m glad I asked my clients questions about their bullets before an interviewer did.   The first client was applying to jobs where she could easily be called upon to organize a conference; if she submitted a resume that overstated her experience in conference organization, it could lead to an embarrassing and deal-killing interview moment.   Similarly, the second client was applying to jobs that entailed numerous meetings, and familiarity with meeting protocol was required.   It was dangerous for him as well to represent his experience inaccurately. When you are creating resume bullet points, and even when you are writing your Summary of Qualifications, make sure to report your activities, qualifications and accomplishments accurately.   Without using impressive or flowery language, you can succeed in writing a resume that makes you look good by clearly and truthfully conveying your accomplishments. As in so many other things, honesty on your resume is the best policy.   Think of the most impressive thing you can truthfully report and let it speak for itself.   Follow this advice and you’ll look good without even trying. Need resume help?   Contact The Essay Expert for a free 15 minute consultation.

Common Oxoacid Compounds and Associated Anions

Oxoacids are acids that contain a hydrogen atom bonded to an oxygen atom. These acids dissociate in water by breaking this bond and forming hydronium ions and a polyatomic anion. The table below lists common oxoacids and their associated anions. Common Oxoacids and Associated Anions Oxoacid Formula Anion Anion Formula acetic acid CH3COOH acetate CH3COO- carbonic acid H2CO3 carbonate CO32- chloric acid HClO3 chlorate ClO3= chlorous acid HClO2 chlorite ClO2- hypochlorous acid HClO hypochlorite ClO- iodic acid HIO3 iodate IO3- nitric acid HNO3 nitrate NO3- nitrous acid HNO2 nitrite NO2- perchloric acid HClO4 perchlorate ClO4- phosphoric acid H3PO4 phosphate PO43- phosphorous acid H3PO3 phosphite PO33- sulfuric acid H2SO4 sulfate SO42- sulfurous acid H2SO3 sulfite SO32-

The Struggle for Self-Definition in Boys and Girls by...

The Struggle for Self-Definition in Boys and Girls When we are adolescents we see the world through our parents eyes. We struggle to define ourselves within their world, or to even break away from their world. Often, the birth of our self is defined in a moment of truth or a moment of heightened self-awareness that is the culmination of a group of events or the result of a life crisis or struggle. In literature we refer to this birth of self as an epiphany. Alice Munro writes in Boys and Girls about her own battle to define herself. She is torn between the inside world of her mother and the outside world of her father. In the beginning her fathers world prevails, but by the finale, her mothers world invades her†¦show more content†¦Yet, she is filled with the sense of being a part of something important. It seemed to me that work . . . done out of doors, and in my fathers service, was ritualistically important (113). She is contributing to the family income in her own way when each year she rakes the grass, carries w ater for the foxes, or cleans the watering dishes. Her father may be stern, but he is proud of his tom-boy. He remarks to a passing salesman, Like to have you meet my new hired man. This praise from her father fills her with delight, I turned away and raked furiously, red in the face with pleasure (112). Children need praise from their parents like they need food. Then, in the months prior to Christmas, Father slaughters the animals, skins them, and sells their pelts for the familys yearly income. He actually skins the foxes in the basement of the house where she lives. The smell of the pelting process . . . penetrated all parts of the house. The reader finds the whole process and the fact that she watches this process with her brother, Laird, repulsive at first, but she describes the process as reassuringly seasonal, like the smell of oranges and pine needles. These things are normal for her, yet in the following passage there is an under current that her fathers business is upsetting to her, although she is not fully aware of this until later in the story. We see the foreshadowing of this in the following line: WeShow MoreRelatedThe Feminist Movement By Kate Chopin And Boys And Girls By Alice Munro1231 Words   |  5 Pageseconomic rights equal to that of men. Two short stories, â€Å"The Story of an Hour† by Kate Chopin and à ¢â‚¬Å"Boys and Girls† by Alice Munro, relate experiences from female perspectives, highlighting oppression against women. The authors use different techniques to show the protagonists’ similar struggle for liberation in their male-dominated environments. While Alice Munro uses the voice of a young girl to establish the limitations women face throughout their entire life, Kate Chopin uses the â€Å"heart disease†Read MoreJourney Motif in Boys and Girls by Alice Munro Essay1270 Words   |  6 PagesAlice Munros Journey Motif in Boys and Girls Many short stories are recognized as milestones in the development of modern realist fiction. â€Å"Boys and Girls† is a short story that evokes a realistic rather than romantic view of a girl’s journey towards finding herself. This short story includes the fight for her gender, and her struggle with her identity. Also, in addition to these two defining aspects, this short story contains the realistic account of who and what she is to become. Clearly

Anomie Theory Free Essays

Right off the bat when reading the article it states that it’s the most widely read article in sociology. The author Robert K. Merton opens his paper by first challenging certain offenses that were popular in 1938. We will write a custom essay sample on Anomie Theory or any similar topic only for you Order Now Most of the theories that Merton has analyzed mentioned â€Å"biological drives†. Some of the theorists view crime as â€Å"biological drives† in which our society comes to terms with restraining it. What I found interesting, Merton doesn’t agree with other theorists, he, on the other hand, argues that a person or persons drive for crime is frequently shown to be stemmed from society itself. This is when his theory or argument splits into two parts. The article refers to his â€Å"anomie theory†. This hypothesis of his is looked to be explained why certain parts of societies have increased rates of criminal activity than let’s say, the other half of the societies in which they appear to have decreased rates of criminal activity. Merton focuses on the relative emphasis placed on this set cultural goals society has placed as well as the institutionalized norms for achieving these goals of society. It is come to know some certain places in society have a high comparative prominence which is called cultural goals. Also, to have a low corresponding value of the norms or as well some gain the achievement of goals, which increases the rate of crimes. Merton characterizes these societies by using the terms anomie or normlessness, whereas it is explained from â€Å"the goal-seeking behavior†, Merton mentions. An individual is exposed to little commands or in other words law. This turns into a repercussion for persons employing the most beneficial values including that of criminal acts in order to achieve their once again prize. The â€Å"strain† theory Merton discusses in this half of the article argues that some person and persons within a society are being exposed to â€Å"special† pressures that of criminal actions. Merton mentions that while it is urged as well as expected that people strive for financial riches, people of the lower class are prevented from achieving this goal. This leads to individuals to have pressure, but even then they can adapt to the strain or so-called pressures of values. Continuing of Merton briefly discusses why some types of individuals are more likely to respond to strain with crime than others. Merton’s strain theory has been the subject of extensive commentary and researches the evidence for his strain theory which is mixed. Certain recent tests of this theory seem to be at it’s accurate as well as the anomie theory. The anomie theory proposes that criminal activity is most seen in those who place much emphasis on cultural goals and little on the norms for achieving the goals, meaning to be successful. Before going into the article I made a note that has caught my attention about the author itself. Albert K. Cohen was a student of Robert K. Merton. I just found this to be very intriguing because some of his points or theories have been taken into account in Cohen’s articles. Cohen has a particular interest and focus of criminal societies. To narrow it down, Cohen focuses more on the lower-working-class urban gangs of 1950, during that time they were the subject of attention. Cohen in the article poses a question of: â€Å"How can we explain the origin and content of delinquent subcultures?† Since he was a student of Merton as I said before he draws some of Merton’s theory to provide his own, collective answer to the question which is often outlined throughout the article. In the first part of his theory, that is being stated in the first section of the article. Cohen provides a well-explained origin of deviant social groups. The second section applies that the theory to explain the origin and contents of man it has to be specified by gender. Cohen focuses on working-class males and urban gangs. While I was reading the parts of the article, I have noted and made some comparisons and contrasts with Merton’s strain theory. Similar to Merton, Cohen argues that â€Å"goal blockade† is what causes delinquency. Now Cohen, on the other hand, argues that lower and working class males don’t concern themselves with the goal of cultural goals. Other than the obvious of not concerning themselves with achieving this success, they would rather concern themselves with the fulfillment of making it to the higher societal class. The achievement of broader goals referred to the respect from the higher-ups in the financial success aspect of cultural goals. This was noted by Cohen to be crucial because of the difference in goals. It is said in the article that an individual can obtain financial riches through illegal activities such as theft, this is one of Merton’s adaptations of innovation. An individual can’t steal the status of a higher class, which makes perfect sense since it could lead to a huge consequence, which Cohen discusses throughout the article. The consequence is that the lower and working class often have to evolve to the goal blockade by making an alternative plan. This is how someone, an individual would gain their true success. This is also noted to be very much alike to Merton’s adaptations of criminal behavior, in which was explained that these new goals and methods are basically being replaced for the previous goals instead of the new. From reading onward I made the connection that both the lower and working class share hostility towards the middle-class persons. The hostility leads them to set up a status quo that values everything that the apparent middle class doesn’t concern itself with. Based on these very theories it is explained that the middle class values private property and respect for an individual. Now, this caught my attention because it made me question his theory. It’s suggesting that lower and working class boys don’t value such things. Also, in the theory, it gives an example of what I was questioning. The example that was given was that while gangs of some sorts value the destruction and theft of any property probably more towards private property and leading more towards aggression towards others. Cohen then goes onto the explanatory origins and contents of the criminal social group. After getting towards the end of the article it states the definite features of his hypothesis. Theorists have come to the main claim that the goals of criminal persons are not disagreeable to an idea of standard goals as Cohen has explained throughout his theory. Even though there has been a criticism the data shows and tends to often prove and support this argument. All of this information that was given by this theorist Cohen brings a fundamental contribution to criminal law. How to cite Anomie Theory, Papers

Logistics Management Woodcrafts and Antique

Question: Describe about the Logistics Management for Woodcrafts and Antique. Answer: Introduction: Background: Baan Tawai village is a famous centre of woodcrafts and antique, bespoke furniture located in the picturesque district of Chiang Mai of Thailand ("History : Baan Tawai - The Village of Handicraft", 2016). The demand for the furniture originating in this village is unparalleled and hence steps are taken to ensure that people around the world can get the desired furniture conveniently. The village has been able to satisfy the evolving preferences of customers while maintaining the essence of colonial intricacies in the designing of their furniture. Baan Tawai specializes in the production of various kinds of wood carvings and handicrafts whose fame has now extended around the globe ("History : Baan Tawai - The Village of Handicraft", 2016). Aim: In the recent years, a rising trend of demand for antique and bespoke furniture has increased in Australia particularly those which were reminiscent of colonial tropics. Australia has seen the Europeans settle in their nation in the eighteenth century ("European discovery and the colonisation of Australia | australia.gov.au", 2016). The Australians have shown a fond remembrance for the antique furniture that closely resembles those used in the colonial Australia. Records have shown that the demand of such antique furniture far exceeds the supply of the same. Hence, the Australians have relied mainly on the online stores and exported furniture from foreign countries like Thailand to satisfy their demands. The following report seeks to address the logistical issues following the establishment an online retail business along with a signature showroom in Brisbane and distribution of the goods pan Australia. The goods will be brought from Baan Tawai of Chiang Mai and exported through Bang kok to Australia. Scope: James Street in Fortitude Valley in Brisbane is a foremost location for retail and lifestyle stores. It is considered to be a hub of stores for designer wears, high end restaurants, art galleries and home ware stores. The place attracts buyers from around Brisbane and tourists are often seen hopping from one shop to another in search of unique products that can be rarely found in other areas ("James St | About", 2016). Surveys have shown that establishing a signature store of antique, colonial furniture store in James Street would reap benefits for the Company. Discussion: Retail store and Online shop order management and customer service Order management: Order management refers to those activities which exist between the placement of an order and the shipment of that order from the warehouse (Christopher, 2013). (The order management of Retail store and Online-store experiences vast differences due to certain basic differences between the two. The order management of Retail stores is generally established to handle orders coming directly from resellers and not from customers (Christopher, 2013). Conversely, the Online-stores have to handle large quantities of orders compared to Retails. Hence the warehouse of Retail stores has to handle huge amount of orders due to the bulky products while the smaller products facilitates use of smaller cases and packaging. The order management would include activities related to the order cycle which would again comprise four steps. The steps include order transmittal, order processing, order picking and assembly and order delivery. In case of both retail and online store, the time of order transmittal is narrow since it consists of direct Business to Consumer (B2C) interaction. Following the order transmittal, the seller would process the order to locate the exact position of the warehouse respective of the location of the customer. To do so, the seller needs to make an entry in the computer regarding the location of the customer and the inventory department locates the nearest warehouse to make the entire process cost effective. The accounting department keeps track of the financial transaction between the customer and the seller. Transportation would be arranged to arrange for the shipment of the products. The furniture would be exported from Baan Tawai through air cargo to the nearest warehouse. Th e requested order will be picked from the warehouse and assembled with the help of scanners and Radio-frequency identification (RFID). The order management will end with the delivery of the order to the customer (Dadzie, 2013). Customer service: Customer service refers to the satisfaction of the customers in terms of time, dependability, communication and convenience. The customer service is an important part of logistics management since it determines the loyalty of the customer (Famie Sparks, 2013). On the basis of the customer profitability analysis, the company would determine the resources that it will allocate to each segment of customers. The company will ascertain which customers will ultimately prove to be more valuable for the company. In case of the exotic furniture, the company can hold the upper class consumers to be their reliable customers as the antique furniture would not prove to be affordable for the other customers. The company also has to determine how to measure customer satisfaction after using the furniture. When the furniture provided would fail to satisfy the customers, the company must ensure easy reverse logistics that is, returning of the goods (Famie Sparks, 2013). The furniture may be lost or damaged, or it might arrive late. In case of retail store, the replacement order may be placed through calls or face to face interaction. For an online store, the complaint can be placed through mails or calls. After the order has failed, the company would provide either cash back or a suitable replacement. It is up to the company to make sure such complaints do not arrive as it leads to heavy loss for the company and may lead to loss of customer loyalty. Retail store and Online shop distributioncentre operation: The location of retail store is James Street, Brisbane and hence the distribution centre has to be located accordingly. The warehouse has to be situated nearby Fortitude valley to minimize cost of transportation. The customer places an order electronically through mobiles or computers after going through the company website showcasing the different types of furniture. The placement of the order is followed by payment of cash and then the warehouse is located nearest to the customer. The bulk of customers of this kind of furniture can be found near the posh area of James Street. With the help of software, the density of reliable customers will be determined and then the number of distribution centers would be determined (Nettstrter,2015). The distribution centre also depends upon the availability of labor market which comprises both local labor and immigrant labor. In case of immigrant labor, the visa conditions have to be kept in mind. The Fair Work Ombudsman provides a list of rules and regulations and the Australian government also enlists the immigration laws ("Welcome to the Fair Work Ombudsman website", 2016) . The furniture will be imported from Thailand and hence immigrant workers will be called while handling certain intricate pieces. Brisbane is located near the Brisbane River which is well connected to the sea and hence transportation can be convened easily. Air transportation is also available for importing the furniture from Thailand since the Brisbane Airport near the warehouse. In the warehouse various steps are followed before sending the furniture to the customers. Warehouse activities consist of receiving the furniture from freights and then the condition of the furniture would be checked so as to check any damage it might have suffered during the transportation. The furniture would be checked against the bill received and then it would be stored with a stock keeping unit (SKU) number. The furniture would be sorted and stored according to the separate categories. After the warehouse is notified about a specific order, the required furniture is brought to the Marshall area for checking the order received. After the ordered furniture is checked, it is prepared (on the basis of the furniture) for packaging and then loaded on the vehicle. The kind of vehicle depends upon the kind of furniture chosen by the customer. This process of storing the furniture and then shipping to the desired location correctly is mostly dependent on the information technology (Fam ie Sparks, 2013). The warehouse keeps track of the bulk of furniture arriving from the freights and it helps in the sorting of the different kinds of furniture that have been imported from Thailand. The furniture may consist of antique beds, cupboards, tables and so on. When these shipments arrive in bulk, they are accumulated and then allocated to different parts of the warehouse after assorting them in to different groups (Pawlewski, 2013). The furniture is then sorted on the basis of its grades and quality (Pawlewski, 2013). Recently, the logistics operations have been placing emphasis on sustainability issues as the impact of logistics management has an impact on the community and environment. Lowering of sustainability in the warehouse, for instance, renders it low in terms of productivity. The warehouse activities also fall within the precincts of Work Health and Safety (WHS) Regulations which clarifies the responsibilities of the employers to look after the safety and securities of the workers in the warehouse. According to The News Daily, the warehousing job is one of the most dangerous jobs in Australia ("Australia's most dangerous jobs I The New Daily", 2014). Online shop physical distribution: The furniture would be imported from the village of Baan Tawai, North Thailand to Bangkok since it is the nearest harbor from the mainland. From the port of Bangkok, the maritime freight would be taken to transport the goods to Brisbane through the Port of Brisbane. Hence the transportation of the furniture takes place after passing through three important nodes the furniture hub at Bana Tawai, Bangkok and Brisbane. This International logistics involves timely and smooth interventions of the government to enable smooth flow of goods from the point of production to the point of consumption (Dekker et al., 2013). In case of furniture, the maritime freight is best suited since the load is bulky in nature and it is cost effective as well (Goerlandt Montewka 2015). The movement of furniture from the village to Bangkok would be subjected to the laws persisting in the country of Thailand. From the port of Bangkok, the transportation of furniture enters the international logistics and is subject to international laws ("Australian export and import laws - Austrade", 2016). For a proper understanding of the trade laws and regulations, a specialist who is an expert on these matters needs to be consulted to avoid delays as much as possible. As soon as the furniture enters the waters of Australia, the import and export laws of Australia will be exercised ("Australian export and import laws - Austrade", 2016). After the furniture reaches the Port of Brisbane, the trucks would be used to take the loads to the warehouse near the retail store in Fortitude Valley. This warehouse serves as storage for both the online as well as the retail store. The key point to remember in case of transportation is that it should be done at the lowest cost possible though transportation accounts for more than half of the entire transaction(Atkinson et al., 2013) . The goods also need to be carefully handled since any damage to the products may lead to reverse logistics which is costlier than the logistics involving delivering goods to customers (Dekker, 2013). Figure 1: Map showing the important roads connecting Brisbane Source: (www.aph.gov.au) As shown in the map above, Brisbane is a well connected city with its highways touching important cities of Queensland and New South Wales. While the goods are moving from one mode to another, it should be fed into the computer system of the courier facility so that the customer can trace the movement of his product. Transportation management also involves documentation of the products that are being transferred and also the bills like the freight bill that have to be paid in the process (Kunaka,2013). After the furniture is sorted and labeled regarding the shipment of the furniture to the target customers, they are again loaded in trucks to transfer them to the customers. In this second transportation also, the customers should be able to trace the furniture they have booked. The logistics does not end with the delivery of the goods to the customers; it also involves asking the customers regarding the experience and ensuring that the customer uses their service again (Lu et al.,2013). Conclusion: The logistics management is a complex process following different steps from the placement of an order till the order actually reaches the customer. The process seems smooth and convenient though it involves a number of phases to cross. The rules and regulations in a country have a significant impact on the policies of the company regarding its logistics management. At first the company needs to decide whether the goods in demand are available with them. If the products are not available then the required products can be imported from the other countries. The chosen scenario called for such an action since the supply of antique furniture was not adequate to meet the demands of the Australians. Then the prime location was chosen for the signature showroom and arrangements were made for the online business of the same. The customers would start choosing the products and place the order. It is from here that the order management begins, leading to warehouse operations and finally to the delivery of the products. What happens in between is the complex method of procuring the desired goods from the point of origin and then maintaining the international customs, the goods are transferred to the country of the customer. The goods should be handled in such a way that it does cause any transit damage to the product. References: ABC - Australian Broadcasting Corporation. (2016). Abc.net.au. Retrieved 13 September 2016, from https://www.abc.net.au Atkinson, J., Bauer, J., Hunt, K., Mullins, K., Myers, M., Rensel, E., ... Taylor, R. (2013).Designing for Transportation Management and Operations: A Primer(No. FHWA-HOP-13-013). Australian export and import laws - Austrade. (2016). Austrade.gov.au. Retrieved 12 September 2016, from https://www.austrade.gov.au/International/Invest/Guide-to-investing/Running-a-business/Understanding-Australian-business-regulation/Australian-export-and-import-laws Christopher, M. (2016).Logistics supply chain management. Pearson Higher Ed. Dadzie, K. Q. (2013). Management education for physical distribution and logistics.International Journal of Physical Distribution Logistics Management. Dekker, R., Fleischmann, M., Inderfurth, K., van Wassenhove, L. N. (Eds.). (2013).Reverse logistics: quantitative models for closed-loop supply chains. Springer Science Business Media. European discovery and the colonisation of Australia (2016).Australia.gov.au. Retrieved 12 September 2016, fromhttps://www.australia.gov.au/about-australia/australian-story/european-discovery-and-colonisation Fernie, J., Sparks, L. (2014).Logistics and retail management: emerging issues and new challenges in the retail supply chain. Kogan Page Publishers. Goerlandt, F., Montewka, J. (2015). Maritime transportation risk analysis: review and analysis in light of some foundational issues.Reliability Engineering System Safety,138, 115-134. History : Baan Tawai - The Village of Handicraft. (2016).Ban-tawai.com. Retrieved 12 September 2016, fromhttps://www.ban-tawai.com/history.php Home Parliament of Australia. (2016). Aph.gov.au. Retrieved 13 September 2016, from https://www.aph.gov.au James St | About. (2016).Jamesst.com.au. Retrieved 12 September 2016, fromhttps://www.jamesst.com.au/about/ John Wiley Sons. Kunaka, C., Antoci, M. A., Sez, S. (2013). Trade dimensions of logistics services: a proposal for trade agreements.Journal of World Trade,47(4), 925-950. Lu, W., McFarlane, D., Giannikas, V., Zhang, Q. (2016). An algorithm for dynamic order-picking in warehouse operations.European Journal of Operational Research,248(1), 107-122. Nettstrter, A., Geien, T., Witthaut, M., Ebel, D., Schoneboom, J. (2015). Logistics Software Systems and Functions: An Overview of ERP, WMS, TMS and SCM Systems. InCloud Computing for Logistics(pp. 1-11). Springer International Publishing. Pawlewski, P. (2015, June). DES/ABS approach to simulate warehouse operations. InInternational Conference on Practical Applications of Agents and Multi-Agent Systems(pp. 115-125). Springer International Publishing.

Communism in Russia essays

Communism in Russia essays Communism is a form of government where a society works toward the benefit of the community. When Russia rebelled against the monarchy held by the Czar, Lenin established communism as the new form of government. After his death, they appointed two new leaders: Lenins faithful follower Joseph Stalin and Lenins most liked candidate Leon Trotsky. But this was a bad choice for the Russians as one of these two leaders was corrupt. Because of this, communism in Russia failed. Communism works in theory, but it has yet to be proven. No country that has established a communistic government except us Smurfs. When Russia was a monarchy (power held by a king and queen and successors are next of kin), several underground factions grouped and contemplated a revolution. The leader: Vladimir Ilich Ulyanov (a.ka. Lenin). When the revolution over took the Czar, Lenin declared Russia a communistic country. This then lead to organization of private enterprises that would benefit the whole country of Russia. Of the many leaders under Lenin, two stuck out the most in the crowd, Leon Trotsky and Joseph Stalin. When Lenin started to suffer from cerebral hemorrhage 5 years after the takeover, people started to look for a successor. Leon Trotsky, a man of charismatic qualities, was the obvious candidate, but likewise Joseph Stalin was rapidly gaining control of the organizational levers. Before he lost his ability to speak, Lenin invited Trotsky to open an attack on Stalin. But Trotsky chose to bide by his time and possibly contemplating an alliance with Stalin. Stalin moved rapidly to consolidate his hold on the party organization and Central committee. Amongst this, Trotsky lost most of his opportunity for establishing himself as Lenins successor. He later recalled the reason for his failure was out of reluctance to assert himself while Lenin was still dying. Stalin had gained all this...

Zebulon Pike and His Expeditions to the West

Zebulon Pike and His Expeditions to the West The soldier and explorer Zebulon Pike is remembered for two expeditions he led to explore territory acquired by the United States in the Louisiana Purchase. It is often assumed he climbed Pikes Peak, the Colorado mountain named for him. He did not reach the peaks summit, though he did explore in its vicinity on one of his expeditions. In some ways, Pikes western voyages are second only to Lewis and Clark. Yet his efforts have always been overshadowed by nagging questions about the motivations for his journeys. What was he trying to accomplish by trekking around in the previously unexplored West? Was he a spy? Did he have secret orders to provoke a war with Spain? Was he simply an adventurous Army officer seeking adventure while filling in the map? Or was he actually intent on trying to expand the limits of his nations boundaries? Mission to Explore Western Territories Zebulon Pike was born in New Jersey on January 5, 1779, the son of an officer in the U.S. Army. When he was a teenager Zebulon Pike entered the army as a cadet, and when he was 20 years old he was given an officers commission as a lieutenant. Pike was posted at several outposts on the western frontier. And in 1805 the commander of the U.S. Army, General James Wilkinson, gave Pike the assignment of traveling northward up the Mississippi River from St. Louis to find the rivers source. It would later be revealed that General Wilkinson harbored dubious loyalties. Wilkinson was commanding the U.S. Army. Yet he was also secretly receiving payments from Spain, which at the time had vast holdings along the southwest frontier. The first expedition on which Wilkinson dispatched Pike, to find the source of the Mississippi River in 1805, may have had an ulterior motive. It is suspected that Wilkinson may have been hoping to provoke a conflict with Britain, which at the time controlled Canada. Pikes First Western Expedition Pike, leading a party of 20 soldiers, left St. Louis in August 1805. He traveled into present-day Minnesota, spending a winter among the Sioux. Pike arranged a treaty with the Sioux and mapped much of the region. When winter arrived, he pressed forward with a few men and determined that Lake Leech was the source of the great river. He was wrong, Lake Itasca is the actual source of the Mississippi. There were suspicions that Wilkinson didnt really care what the real source of the river was, as his real interest was to sent a probe northward to see how the British would react. After Pike returned to St. Louis in 1806, General Wilkinson had another assignment for him. Pikes Second Western Expedition The second expedition led by Zebulon Pike remains puzzling after more than two centuries. Pike was sent westward, again by General Wilkinson, and the purpose of the expedition remains mysterious. The ostensible reason Wilkinson sent Pike into the West was to explore the sources of the Red River and the Arkansas River. And, as the United States had recently acquired the Louisiana Purchase from France, Pike was apparently supposed to explore and report on the lands in the southwestern portion of the purchase. Pike began his mission by acquiring supplies in St. Louis, and word of his upcoming expedition leaked out. A detachment of Spanish troops was assigned to shadow Pike as he moved westward, and perhaps even stop him from traveling. After leaving St. Louis on July 15, 1806, with Spanish cavalry apparently shadowing him from a distance, Pike traveled to the area of present-day Pueblo, Colorado. He tried and failed to climb the mountain that would later be named for him, Pikes Peak. Zebulon Pike Headed for Spanish Territory Pike, after exploring in the mountains, turned southward and led his men toward Spanish territory. A detachment of Spanish troops found Pike and his men living in a crude fort they had built of cottonwood trees on the banks of the Rio Grande. When challenged by the Spanish soldiers, Pike explained that he believed he was camping along the Red River, within territory belonging to the United States. The Spanish assured him he was on the Rio Grande. Pike lowered the American flag flying over the fort. At that point, the Spanish invited Pike to accompany them to Mexico, and Pike and his men were escorted to Santa Fe. Pike was questioned by the Spanish. He stuck to his story that he believed he had been exploring within American territory. Pike was treated well by the Spanish, who transported him and his men onward to Chihuahua and eventually released them to return to the United States. In the summer of 1807, the Spanish escorted him to Louisiana, where he was released, safely back on American soil. Zebulon Pike Returned to American Under a Cloud of Suspicion By the time Zebulon Pike returned to the United States, things had changed dramatically. An alleged plot devised by Aaron Burr to seize American territory and set up a separate nation in the Southwest had been uncovered. Burr, the former vice-president, and killer of Alexander Hamilton had been charged with treason. Also implicated in the alleged plot was General James Wilkinson, the man who had sent Zebulon Pike on his expeditions. To the public and many in the government, it appeared that Pike may have played some  shadowy role in the Burr conspiracy. Was Pike really a spy for Wilkinson and Burr? Was he trying to provoke the Spanish in some way? Or was he secretly cooperating with the Spanish in some plot against his own country? Instead of returning as a heroic explorer, Pike was forced to clear his name. After he proclaimed his innocence, government officials concluded that Pike had acted loyally. He resumed his military career and even wrote a book based on his explorations. As for Aaron Burr, he was charged with treason but acquitted at a trail at which General Wilkinson testified. Zebulon Pike Became a War Hero Zebulon Pike was promoted to major in 1808. With the outbreak of the War of 1812, Pike was promoted to general. General Zebulon Pike commanded American troops attacking York (now Toronto), Canada in the spring of 1813. Pike was leading the assault on the heavily defended town and the withdrawing British blew up a powder magazine during their retreat. Pike was struck by a piece of stone which broke his back. He was carried to an American ship, where he died on April 27, 1813. His troops had succeeded in capturing the town, and a captured British flag was placed under his head just before he died. The Legacy of Zebulon Pike Considering his heroic actions in the War of 1812, Zebulon Pike was remembered as a military hero. And in the 1850s settlers and prospectors in Colorado began calling the mountain he encountered Pikes Peak, a name which stuck. Yet the questions about his expeditions still remain. There are numerous theories about why Pike was sent into the West, and whether his explorations were really missions of espionage.

Leadership Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words - 1

Leadership - Assignment Example Basically leadership includes an influencing relationship between leaders and the followers intended for bringing real changes and optimal policy ramifications which perfectly reflects the shared purpose. By picking up one of the definition of leaderships from a wide variety the most applicable in this can be stated as a shared mindset which acts a representative of understanding a fundamental way of thinking about, perceiving and understanding the mechanics of the business environment of today’s world (Daft &   Lane, 2008, pp. 5-7). Leadership is even more significant in crisis situation. Helio Fred in his article, â€Å"Effective leadership response to crisis’’ states that the organization generally survives a crisis with reputation by the timeliness as well as the effectiveness of the response which heavily depends upon the strategic focus and implementation of the policies by the leaders of any organization (Garcia, 2006). The paper directs towards the exh ibition of leadership with respect to an organization in times of crisis situation and how the leadership maintain the pace of operation in difficult times and shows the way for future growth which will be highlighted in the subsequent sections. Problem statement & Discussions The positions of the leadership are established in the settings of the work of the organizations for the purpose of achieving the purposes for which their existence is omnipotent within a larger system. The crux of the paper lies with the notion of organizational leadership. In an organization, the processes of leadership are generally directed towards defining, establishing as well as translating the direction for their followers with the provision of the enabling the process for the achievement of the purpose. The operation of the leadership is vehemently attached to the continuous development as well as attainment of the goals within the organizations (Zaccaro & Klimoski, n.d.). The company which will be di scussed in this paper is Hewlett Packard better known as HP. HP is an American multinational corporation with its headquarters in Palo Alto, California. The sectors where the company caters are mainly small and medium sized businesses and large enterprises as well as customers in the government, health and educational sectors and the products delivered by this company are software, technologies, solution s and services (Hewlett-Packard Co, n.d.). In the time span of 1995- 1999, the company was facing several restraints like fierce competition from the traditional competitors as well as new competitors entering into the market. In the field of computer as well as corporate computer business the biggest rivals of HP were Dell and IBM. The company lacked performance in the sphere of technology as well as field of innovation and encountered slow pace of growth. The aftermath was that the company lost its competitive edge among its competitors unable to develop any path breaking strategy for growth. Another significant cause of the generation of crisis situation was that of the serious bureaucracy within the organization itself which practically paralyzed the day to day operation of the organization and initiated severe inefficiencies and heavy decline in sales (Hoopes, 2001, p.4). But the situation changed with the appointment of Carleton S. Fiorina as the new Chief

Argument paper, against Obamas health plan Essay

Argument paper, against Obamas health plan - Essay Example However, the so called reform will have far reaching adverse effect on the nation’s socio-economic features. To begin with, Obama’s plan offers a public insurance firm in the form of a cooperative which will ensure affordable health insurance coverage for all, irrespective of age, sex or risk factors (The Obama Plan). Obviously, a subsidized coverage option will enhance public interest, which is expected to beat private insurance companies. Since The United States spends a higher proportion of its gross domestic products on healthcare services, Mr. Obama thinks that his plan would help people save considerable amount of their healthcare expense every year. Although it seems to be significant, the ultimate effect of premium deduction and subsidies inevitably result in tax hike. The President puts an estimate of $900 billion as ten year cost limit for the proposed package; whereas, experts believe that it would exceed $1 trillion (Pear R., Calmes J., 9 Sept., 2009) Mr.Obama reiterates that the public insurance will only be an option; and people will have the freedom to choose private plan if they think it suits them. Although he says that the government will not administer the health care system, his plan has all features of single payer system. For instance, regarding the high risk pool he says â€Å"for those Americans who can’t get insurance today because they have pre-existing medical conditions, we will immediately offer low cost coverage that will protect you against financial ruin if you become seriously ill.† (Pear R., Calmes J., 9 Sept., 2009). Under this system people have almost complete medical coverage and free access to healthcare. This approach will plunge the public insurance firm into big loss. In addition, this concept of ‘socialized medicine’ is against the social privileges of the U.S. citizens. Regardless of its high cost, the U.S. health care system is highly competent and people have the

Downstream Linkages in the Zambian Copper Industry

Downstream Linkages in the Zambian Copper Industry Resource extraction is often regarded by governments and people of resource-rich countries as a solution to poverty alleviation, ranging from tax revenues, technology transfer, and employment creation, export enhancement to upstream and downstream linkages. Downstream linkage industries do promise the widening of employment opportunities and high foreign earnings as a result of value-addition. Western resource intensive economies such as Australia, Canada, US and the like are examples of well-managed, resource-rich economies in which the mineral sectors spurred knowledge-intensive processes, created jobs and foreign exchange earnings and resulted in spill-overs into new industrial and service sectors. The scope of downstream linkages is often considered an important determinant of the extent to which a mineral-rich nation stands to gain additional economic benefits that come with it. This explains the continuous pressure that is always mounted on mining companies by host governments to engage further in downstream activities. However, downstream activities irrespective of their location are influenced by global market dynamics and competitive elements. Therefore, in an attempt to grasp the benefits that come with downstream activities, it is extremely imperative to examine the opportunities, risks and possible ways of striking a balance taking cognizance of the global demand and supply interplay to ensure that the highest possible net positive benefits are achieved and sustained. In focus is Zambia which has been an active copper mining country since 1900s though performed poorly along the line but revamped barely in the last decade. In 1968, Zambia held an important position as a copper producer, with peak output at 815,000 ton and a 15% share of world output, but the abysmal performance of its state-owned enterprises that took over after the 1969 nationalisation resulted in a drop of output to a trough of 250,000 tonnes in 2000 (Radetzki, 2009p.182). Nevertheless, the copper industry has been revitalised with the privatization of the mining sector which occurred between mid-1990s and early 2000s. In the period 2000-2005, copper exports contributed to around half of total foreign exchange earnings, but from 2006 onwards, this share increased to 73.5% 83.2% ( Fessehaie, 2012 p.3). Copper also provided 10% of formal employment and its contribution to GDP in the last decade increased on a yearly basis, reaching 9.1% in 2009. Copper mining has and continues to be one of the largest economic activities in Zambia, comprising approximately 10 percent of GDP and more than 60 percent of exports (Wilson, 2012pp798-799). The paper therefore examined downstream or for ward linkages to copper production in Zambia by first exploring the scope of downstream linkages and examined the risks, opportunities and risks mitigation measures in the downstream sector of Zambias copper industry. The rest of the paper is structured as follows; section two introduces the background and established the theoretical framework. Section three examined the scope of downstream activities, the risks, opportunities and possible measures for risks mitigation and section four concludes with recommendation. 2.0 BACKGROUND 2.1 A Brief Overview of Global Copper Production and Consumption The global cumulative annual growth in global mine output of copper has gone through significant changes over the period 1750 to 2007. It stood at 0.8% in 1750-1800, rose to 2.6% in 1800-1850 and from 1850 and until 1900, the annual growth of copper production accelerated to 4.5%. Output expansion subsequently reduced to an average of 3.3% between 1900 and 1950, and remained at this level until 2007 (Radetzki, 2009p.182). In 2011, global copper production reached an output level of 16100 metric tonnes from 15900 metric tonnes in 2010 with a total reserves value of 690000 metric tonnes (USDSp. 49) (2012). On the other hand, growth rates in global copper consumption fell from 4.48% in the period 150-1973 to 0.65 covering 1973-1983 largely explained by the oil price shocks of the 1970s and 80s and picked up again, reaching 2.51% for period 1983-2003 (Nishiyama, 2005p..132). The period following 1990 saw a significant increase of Asia, especially Chinas share of global copper consumption , currently about 40% (ICSG) which gradual spurred up copper prices in the mid-2000s. The interplay of Chinas demand growth and appropriate timing of additions to production capacity speaks a lot about the future global trends in both production and consumption. 2.2 Overview of Copper Mining in Zambia Copper mining in Zambia dates back to the 1900s under the control of two mining companies, Rhodesia Selection Trust and Anglo-American Corporation (AAC)( Fessehaie, 2011p.16) .The industry came to be nationalized in the late 1960 and was operated under state ownership and control, a typical characteristic of mining operations in mineral exporting countries in the decades following the Second World War. The government, following years of significant losses, privatized its copper mines, which were later consolidated into the Zambia Consolidated Copper Mines (ZCCM), majority-owned by Government (60.3%), with a minority share owned by AAC (27.3%)( Fessehaie, 2011p.16). For instance, Kansanshi mine, the largest copper project in Africa is 80% owned by First Quantum Minerals Ltd and 20% by the state run ZCCM Investments Holdings which replaced ZCCM (ARB, 2012). The mining sector is regulated primarily by Act No. 7 of 2008 (the Mines and Mineral Development Act of 2008). The Zambian copper industry is not insulated from the acquisitions and mergers characteristic of the global mining industry. In 2011, Barrick Gold Corp. of Canada acquired Equinox Minerals Ltd. of Canada (USp43.1). Newshelf 1124 (Proprietary) Ltd. of South Africa, an indirect subsidiary of the Jinchuan Group Ltd. of China acquired Metorex Ltd. of South Africa and its underground Chibuluma copper mine (Metorex Ltd., 2011, p. 8). Konnoco Zambia Ltd., a joint venture of African Rainbow Minerals Ltd. of South Africa and Vale, continues with the development of the Konkola North underground copper mine (African Rainbow Minerals Ltd., 2012, p. 70). Mining companies equally undertake joint ventures in explorative activities in Zambia. Argonaut Resources NL of Australias subsidiary Lumwana West Resources Ltd. in a joint venture with Mwombezhi Resources Ltd. of Zambia set to explore in Northwestern Province (Argonaut Resources NL, 2012, p. 2). Zambias economy is heavily reliant on mining, particularly its copper and cobalt, and the mining sector makes significant contribution to Zambia exports and economic growth. Copper output rose dramatically following the copper price rise in the mid-2000s with annual copper production increased from 335,000 metric tonnes in 2002 to over 569,000 metric tonnes in 2008 (Wilson, 2012) . From 2007, copper exports contributed 73.7-80.5 per cent of total foreign exchange earnings, 10 per cent of formal employment, and in 2010 Zambia was the largest copper producer in Africa and the 7th largest in the world ( Fessehaie, 2012). Copper exports jumped from $474 million in 2000 to almost $4 billion in 2008. In 2010, the mining and quarrying sector accounted for 9.9% of Zambias real gross domestic product (at constant 1994 prices) compared with a revised 9.3% in 2009. Copper exports earnings increased by 15.5% to US $6,660.2 million from US $5,767.9 million in 2010 (Bank of Zambia, 2012, p. 23,) a nd in 2011, copper exports were valued at $6.9 billion (Mobbs, 2012 p.43.1). 2.3 Theoretical Framework The concept of linkage development in the academic discourse has its root from early works of Leontief (1936) who applied an input-output analysis to static quantity modeling (Lenzen, 2003 p.1), modified by Rasmussen (1956) for inter-industrial analysis as setting the basis for structural interdependence. In determining the key sectors of an economy, Hirschman (1958) argued that above-average linkages are pre-requisites for economic development and structural changes within an economy or a region (p1-2). Contrary to this argument, Bharadwaj (1966), Panchamukhi (1975) and McGilvray (1977) highlighted that international comparative advantages, technical and skill endowment, final demand structure are among the driving forces of economic growth and concluded that linkage interconnectedness is a weak rod to rationalising a development policy(1-2) According to Hirschman as cited in Morris et al (2012), there are three main types of linkages in the commodity sector thus, fiscal, consumption and production linkages. In his view, fiscal linkage encompasses royalties and taxes which together form mineral rents; consumption linkage entails the consumption demands of workers of the commodity sector, whereas the production linkage encapsulates both backward and forward linkages. Authors such as Sonis and Hewings (1989, 1999) and Sonis et al. (2000) in their works on the dynamics of backward and forward linkages, and economic landscapes of multiplier product matrices pushed further the arguments of Hirschman and Rasmussen (Lenzen, 2003 p. 2). The linkage thesis has been applied in a number of studies in attempts to examine the impact of mining on economies. Lenzen (2003) utilised the input-output application in his analysis of the key environmentally important factors of production, linkages and key sectors in the Australian economy and concluded without a factual basis that strong forward linkages are characteristic of primary industries like grazing and mining whereas strong backward industries characterized secondary industries (p.29). Similarly, Cristobal and Biezma (2006 p1,5) analysed the forward and backward linkages of mining and quarrying in ten EU countries to determine whether the industry constitute a key sector and came to a conclusion that the mining and quarrying industry has a strong backward link to regional economys production more than other sectors and otherwise holds for forward linkages. Though not a metal mineral, the Southern Louisiana offshores oil fields is the most apparent successful linkage ca pture identified throughout the 20th century. The ability to sustain pre-existing competition and the availability of the commodity in large quantities were largely responsible for the successful linkage capture (Freudenburg and Gramling (1998p 575-576). Moreover, Aroca (2001p 131) employed the input-output Leontief matrix to determine the impact of the mining sector on the Chilean II region and analysed the driving forces to the extent of the impact. With regards to the volume of production, his analysis indicates that the mining sector is very important but loses its importance in developing forward and backward linkages in the economy. Lydall (2009 p.2, 119) investigated backward linkage capture of South Africa platinum group metals and found different categories of supplier firms, ranging from base, medium to large able to satisfy the needs of the various PGM mines, concentrator plants, smelters and refineries. She however cautioned the existence of market-related and firm-speci fic factors militating against the growth and expansion of such linkages. Morris et al (2012 p 1-2,14) examined the underlying factors to linkage capture in the commodity sectors in low income countries in Sub-Saharan Africa with much attention on backward linkage capture and recommended for strategies to be mapped to propel industrial sector upgrading especially in commodity exporting countries. Also, Fessehaie (2012p 2,7) examined the determinants of upstream linkages to copper production in Zambia. She noted that backward linkage was growing and copper mining presents opportunities and recommended that in order to broaden backward linkage to utilize such opportunities there is the need to eliminate barriers to upgrading through an industrial policy which takes care of supplier competitiveness constraints. From the preceding literature reviewed, much attention on linkage capture studies has been directed at the backward linkage capture. The few works on linkage development in Zambia copper (Fessehaie, 2011 and 2012; Morris, 2012), the emphasis has been on the backward linkage. Therefore, the existence of paucity of studies that investigate forward linkages in the mineral sector particularly the copper industry in Zambia exposes a gap which the study aims to contribute to. 3.0 ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION 3.1 The Scope of Downstream Activities Forward linkages encompass the establishment of downstream activities, at least processing and refining of copper ore and concentrates into primary metal, the fabrication of primary metal into semi-fabricated products and possibly, induced industrialisation. For the purpose of this study, mining ends with primary metal production and downstream activities begins with semi-products fabrication and beyond. Zambian copper industry has long history of existence but became more active and copper mine production of ore, anode and cathode increased following the privatization of the mining industry through the 1990s to early 2000s. The majority of copper ore mined in Zambia is smelted locally before being exported to foreign markets (Fraser and Lungu, 2007 Wilson). Fig 3.1 confirms that though greater share of mine output is refined locally, very less of it is used in the country. The graph covered a short period due to lack of access to up-to-date quality data. Zambias copper is mainly exported as cathode or blister, the standard forms of the internationally-traded commodity. Zambia uses less than 5 percent of its copper output to make fabricated products (World Bank, 2011 p ii). However, finished goods containing copper are mainly imported into the country. Zambia has developed a small copper fabrication industry that produces a narrow range of products for domestic use and for export to regional markets, largely informed by proximity to customers guided by profitability. However, these markets are small, and yet the industry competes with larger and more developed industries especially that of South African copper fabrication industry. Zambias fabrication industry is growing rapidly, but from a small base, led by Metal Fabricators of Zambia Ltd (ZAMEFA), a subsidiary of the US-based General Cable Corporation followed by others such as the Cast Product Foundry Non Ferrous Metals, Kavino and Central African Recycling in the scrap metal busi ness (World Bank, 2011p ii). ZAMEFA which has a domestic, regional and international market orientation produces wire rod, wire, cable, and a few other products. Its product portfolio is growing. Kavino, wire and cable manufacturer has a domestic market orientation whereas Central African Recycling is well positioned to utilized opportunities as they arise. Total number of employees falls below 1000. In 2008, Zambian mine, smelter and refined copper output in tonnes stood at 546 600, 232,000 and 416,900 respectively. The fabricated metals production sector contribution to GDP grew at an annual average of 0.2 percent for the period 2002 to 2008.(World Bank, pp 18). 3.2 Risks Associated with Downstream Activities The resource-based industrialiation that characterized the development process of resource-rich developed economies is often quoted to back resource-rich developing countries quest for resource-driven industrialisation which in their view masterminded the in dustrialiation process of some mature economies. However, the growth strategy of the Nordic countries, United States and Canada for instance did not based entirely on mineral extraction but span from a low-technology based on low-cost labour to highly sophisticated knowledge-intensive activities (Walker and Jourdan, 2003. P.30.). Nevertheless, risks, largely economic, abound alongside the potentials of further downstream activities. Downstream activities beyond primary processing are capital intensive and require less skilled labour. Guided by profit motive, firms seriously consider capital cost in securing capital to finance assets. Backed by the electronic revolution, market efficiency sets the ground for capital and skills to be deployed to most productive locations (Walker and Jourdan, 2003p 30) and countries without traditional comparative advantages like Zambia are less strategic in competing for foreign direct investment. Again, the capital intensive nature of further processing of copper questions the employment multiplier and rather breed associated risks of either expanding or contracting employment opportunities. Moreover, the fabrication industry uses 37 percent of copper that is derived from scrap metal which is limited in the country (World Bank, 2011p.iii). Therefore, importing other raw materials including scrap for fabrication may not make any comparative advantage sense in the short to medium t erm and highlights the risk associated with an uncompetitive and injudicious allocation of the nations scarce economic resources. The ability to compete and access adequate market, both regional and global to justify downstream activities on any significant scale comes with a risk. Committing resources into fabrication without any competitive market edge exposes the copper mining sector to possible collapse and the entire economy to possible shocks. This is because upon the small size of the sub-regional market (less than 1 percent) of the global total for fabricated copper products (World Bank, 2011p ii) better established firms in South Africa have captured a greater portion of the regional market. Internal demand for fabricated products is woefully inadequate and therefore, the promised job expansion, high foreign earnings and associated growth potential are easily erodible, if even attained. Walker and Jourdan, 2003p 33 noted that domestic demand was instrumental in Swedens initial resource-oriented industrialisation. Closely linked is tariff escalation that discourages exports of higher value-added products from Low Income Countries (LICs) (IMF, 2011p.16). Tariff escalation and high physical transport cost jointly further accentuate the risks to Zambian copper downstream activities. Consuming countries of copper metal and semi-fabricated products especially the newly industrializing countries and roaring developing countries of China and India, in their industrialization drive, have in one way or the other resort to restrictions in the form of differential tariffs (varies directly with the value already added) on raw materials imports for their industries. Dimaranan et al, (2006 p. 13) note that Indian policy measures in this regard include more effective duty exemptions for intermediates used in the production of manufactured exports. The high transport cost and tariffs imposed on value-added products together can cancel completely if not negate the often expectant high profits and associated em ployment multipliers. The prices for both the primary and fabricated products of the mining industry are characterized by troughs and peaks. However, the existence of terminal markets such as London Metal Exchange (LME), the Commodity Exchange Division of the New York Mercantile Exchange (COMEX/NYMEX) and the Shanghai Metal Exchange (SHME)(ICSGP.33factbook) provides mitigation to the risk on primary metal resulting from price volatilities. On the other hand, high-value added downstream products are more prone to price shocks as there exist no such terminal markets in that sub-sector of the industry. Therefore, the often envisaged employment multipliers and high foreign earnings that motivate pressure for further downstream processing places the entire economy at risk in the event of weak prices without any competitive edge. Mainstream fabricated metal products are largely low margin items. However, high level of capacity utilization and throughput is required to generate sufficient margins which are currently in non-existence in Zambian copper industry. This is largely informed by the uncompetitive and comparative disadvantages to the downstream sector of Zambian copper industry. The situation exposes the downstream copper fabrication industry to the risk of at best earning low margins. In 2008 for example, First Quantum Ltd, a leading European copper rod producer made profits of 12.2% and 49.6% from large Cap Cast Copper Rotors (CCR) rod mill and Oxygen-free High Conductivity (OFHC) rod fabrications respectively (World Bank, 2011p.13) but earned a profit of 85.4% from primary cathode production. Such low margins in fabrication gives the signals that even internationally competitive manufacturers of range of specialist copper products rather earn high margins in primary metal production. 3.3 Opportunities in Downstream Value-addition The existence of copper deposits in substantial quantities is a basic requirement for mining in the first place and possibly, further downstream processing (Freudenburg and Gramling, 1998). The existing domestic and regional market does not incentivise further copper fabricating on any significant scale, but some localised small-scale opportunities may emerge. In this regard, there may be a scope for some gradual scaling-up of existing output and/or product diversification by existing operations especially ZAMEFA and for some small-scale artisanal processing, probably based on scrap metal. Sectorial opportunities could be enhanced if the basic and mainly infrastructural bottlenecks are remedied. One of such opportunities is the World Bank support to revamp Zescos existing distribution networks in selected areas to reduce losses and improve supply quality (World Bank, 2011p.33,34). Depending on the roll-out of electrification extensions, there may be some demand for low and medium vol tage. Moreover, the global copper industry has identified a potential market which could exploit the known biocidal properties of copper in combating Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA,) spread by its use in touch surfaces and all fixtures and fittings in hospitals and clinics. The international competitive nature of the downstream activities of fabrication limit these opportunities as well established firms are ever ready and prepared to cease any market opportunities as they arise and compete out less competitive ones. Chinas dominance in the recent global copper consumption forecloses in comparative and competitive terms, any opportunities of developing an internationally competitive further copper processing in Zambia at least, for the short to medium term. For instance, Chinese refined copper consumption expanded by an annual 15.3% in the 1998-2007 period and by 2007, Chinas share of global copper usage rose from 10.5% to 26.9% (Radetzki , 2009. P. 177) in a decade. Though very important, the geological potential does not itself guarantee comparative and competitive advantage in any appreciable further downstream processing. For instance, Chile, the worlds largest copper producer, accounting 34 percent of world mined copper output and 17 percent of wor ld refined copper output, yet its use of refined copper is less than 1 percent of the world total (World Bank, 2011.8) 3.4 Mitigating Downstream Activities-Associated Risks and the Way Forward Value-addition is critical to ensuring greater benefits and competitiveness for countries incorporated in the global economy (Mtegha and Minnitt, 2006 p. 236) hence further downstream processing should be encouraged and driven by state incentives taking cognizance of the external environment. A strong manufacturing base has to be developed if any significant expansion of copper value-addition activities is to grow. In order to grow and sustain a downstream fabrication sector and even beyond, new sources of accessing competitive foreign direct investment and the continual adaptation and innovation of technology which is critical to maintaining technological competitive edge globally are ideal prerequisites. Moreover, demand is indispensable in industrial development and therefore any effort in that regard must first address the market end of the value chain ranging from local, regional to global levels. The ability to create a clear niche advantage is required if the copper downstream activities are to undergo substantial growth. Ideally, attaining global competitiveness is the single most important driver in mitigating risks ranging from further downstream processing or fabrication. While this may possibly be a long term growth and development goal in the downstream sector, the provision of adequate energy, communication and other infrastructure coupled with the effective and judicious use of economic returns from copper mining for diversification in new comparative advantage industries would in the papers view set the foundation for any competitive industrialisation in the long run. From table 1 below, South Africa is better positioned to cease any downstream copper fabrication and market opportunities at regional level and at the global level, China. 4.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION The study explored the scope of downstream linkages in the Zambian copper industry and examined the risks of engaging in downstream fabrication as well as the opportunities and suggested ways for mitigating the risks. The study reveals a small and modest fabrication activity producing a narrow range of products for domestic use and for export to regional markets, largely informed by proximity to customers guided by profitability. The decision in going downstream beyond primary metal processing encapsulates political and economic dimensions hence, requires striking a balance between both dimensions. Shaping a competitive mining industry alongside conscious efforts to diversify into other industries which gradually grow to shake off the initial copper-based dependence is a policy option and at the same time revitalizing the national science, technology and innovation policy to provide the foundation for long term skills and knowledge development. Chile, having built a competitive minin g industry, diversified its economy into other competitive sectors which propelled its growth. In the short to medium term, developing a competitive copper mining industry is plausible and more realistic in comparative advantage terms while mapping out strategies to attain competitiveness from national, regional to global scales which will mitigate further copper processing or fabrication risks.

Essay on Political Rights

It was decade when the sexual revolution swept the country and when women proclaimed their liberation from male dominance. The totality of this period will be explored, from protests to songs, literature to leisure and civil defense to civil rights. You will examine music, especially the translation from music about love and relationships to the more society-focused music at the end of the decade. In Dalton to writing critical essays and analyses, you will work In Project Based Learning (PL) that will synthesize your Interpretation of the material covered. Student Outcomes.At the end of the course students will be able to Identify and explain the main economic, political and social issues connected with the Sixties Include a thesis statement that accurately guides ideas in all critical writing Analyze songs at the surface and deep levels and explain their cultural context Write reflections that include all five categories in reflective rubric Work collaboratively to achieve agreed up on goals. Policies: Class Attendance: when a student misses four or more classes during a quarter, that student will receive a zero (O) for the (30%) participation portion of the course. 0 or ore minutes late will be considered an absence. Three lattes equal one absence. Mobile Phones/Laptops/loops: Not allowed under any circumstance, unless turned off. Late Work: Accepted only under extenuating circumstances and only when one meets with the instructor before the due date. Otherwise, all late papers will receive a failing grade. Incomplete: assigned only under extenuating circumstances, after speaking with me. Only 50% of all work can be made up, if a student receives a failing grade for the course. Grade Percentages: 32% Four (4) four-page papers: economic/political, social, language, music 20%Quizzes/Reflective Writings 28% Final Project (includes final presentation) Course Texts and Materials: The Electric Cool Aid Acid Test, by Tom Wolfe The Best and the Brightest, by David Halt ers. Readings will come from this book, but there will be less emphasis on it than in the past course. Sixties Course Book, with Readings. The daily schedule below can be altered based on the decision of the instructor. Additional readings may be assigned as necessary (to expand understanding). All work will be graded using the course rubrics.Classroom Behavior: The use of cell hones and other electronics (including pods and laptops) is prohibited. You may be asked to leave class if they are used. Additional violations of NEST disciplinary code may result in suspension or dismissal. In addition, the instructor has the right to curb classroom discussion in an effort to meet the educational objective of the class session. For those who stray beyond the bounds of acceptable behavior, the NEST Student Conduct Code will be enforced. Details of all projects and assignments will be provided in sufficient time to allow for completion.

Finding Topics to Write a Discursive Essay on

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